Cultural Values Reflection

Question: Describe about the Stereotypes and the fragility of academic competence, motivation, and self-concept? Answer: Introduction This reflection paper has been prepared to explain the relevance of the familial culture and practices followed by majority of Indian families. There has been a drastic change in the family patterns that was earlier followed in India. This has been mainly due to the economic development of the country, and change the standard of living of people and the family members. Cities and towns have expanded due to urbanization, which is known to be one of the major factors that caused the major changes in the country. Industrialization has increased the job availability for the qualified and unskilled people in the country. This has encouraged the families to move to another state to earn livelihood. Unlike earlier days, both men and women work to support the expenses of family, which has also changed the living style and familial patter of the Indian families. Cultural values Change in the economic independence, occupational mobility, and quest to earn more has encouraged women to work. This has contributed towards the change in the pattern of living and the family lifestyle followed by majority of the people. Industrial development has encouraged people to adopt and follow secular methods for living their lives. Many of the families now adopt anti-traditionalism, which varies from the conventional traditional methods followed by the family members in rural and urban states of the country. Concept of modern families Modern families prefer to follow open class system, which is associated with high percentage of geographical mobility, which is being supported by urbanization. During earlier times, the status of Indian family was the utmost important factor. The families followed cultural values, which differed from each other. Interdependence, harmony, family bonding, and cooperation were some of the characteristics of the Indian family. This changed over the period of time, due to increase in the percentage of mobility. Modern family prefer to follow nucleus family values, which was quite different from the traditional method. However, the cultural values and practices are still practiced by the family members. One of the major characteristics of familial relationship is bonding and sharing of the family values and cultures with the next generation of the family. This is done to encourage the new or next generation to follow the practices that were inherited by the family members. Such factors increases and improves the family values and cultural practices. Job mobility Increase in the demand for different types of jobs, and willingness to explore the opportunities has encouraged the families to adopt and follow nuclear family pattern. However, the relevance and importance of the family bonding within the family still exists with the nuclear family. There are few joint families that exist in the country. Majority of the family are found in the rural parts of the country. The system is being eroded due to change in the work pattern and living standards of the families. There are evidences which reflects the relationship between the natural harmony that arouse due to industrialization and the other related to conjugal system followed by the families of the country. Emotional values and satisfaction can be also associated with the industrial system that has been associated with the increasing industrial system that is followed in the country. Conjugal bonds are related to the factors that causes emotional satisfaction amongst the Indian families in the country. Indian families adopt an effective family value system that can be associated with the requirements of industrialization. Values and traditions The values and traditions about the family practices are taught to the next generation in a precise and careful manger. This helps in carrying forward the cultural practices that was followed by the family members for ages. Practices and values of the conjugal family method are known as neo-local, which has a weak networking system. Due to this factor, it has few or no barriers in the process of geographical mobility pattern. Change in family value system has been constantly changing. This has been contributed to various factors like increase in the schools, hotels, hospitals, and many others. Such institutions play a major role in executing the activities that is being performed by the families located in rural and urban areas. However, the challenge faced by the family members exists with the process followed for sharing values and cultural practices. The task is achieved by adopting and implementing informal training process, which teaches the younger generation the process expected to be followed for improving the educational values amongst the younger generation. Practices and teachings have become quite challenging as there has been an increase in the number of working wives. The household tasks have been shared, but there is little time that is available for the heads of the family to share with the family members. The practices and expectations of the younger generation have drastically changed. This has been because of quest to know different things that are being seen around. There has been a demand for an increase in the liberal values that has been caused due to an increase in the industrial capitalist society. The change in living pattern of the family orientation process has affected the values of nuclear family system. There has been a change in the relationship pattern and living standards which has affected the family system followed in the country. An increase in the divorce rates and modern system has affected the school of thoughts of younger generation. Conclusion There are different factors that have impacted the traditional values of the familial cultural practices that were followed in the Indian society. Such changes have been attributed towards tan increase in the modernization and growth of industrialization in India. The cultural values and practices in the country have affected the traditional practices that were followed by majority of the families. Such changes have impacted the living standards and style of people and the Indian families. Changes has been implemented or introduced within the family practices for increasing the original values that was followed by the people. Such changes have become an inevitable part of majority of the Indian families that prefer to follow nuclear style of family. References Aronson, J., Steele, C. M. (2005). Stereotypes and the fragility of academic competence, motivation, and self-concept. In A. J. Elliott C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (392-413). New York London: Guilford Press. AyadiKafia and Bree Joel.( 2010).An ethnography of the transfer of food learning within the family, Young Consumers, Vol 11, No 1, 67-76 Brooks-Gunn, J., Markman, L. B. (2005). The contribution of parenting to ethnic and racial gaps in school readiness. The Future of Children, 15, 139-168. Fryer, R. G., Torelli, P. (2010). An empirical analysis of acting white. Journal of Public Economics, 94(5-6), 380-396. Grolnick, W. S., Friendly, R. W., Bellas, V. M. (2009). Parenting and childrens motivation at school. In K. R. Wentzel A. Wigfield (Eds.), Handbook of motivation at school, 279-300. New York London: Routledge. McLanahan, S. (2004). Diverging destinies: How children are faring under the second demographic transition. Demography, 41(4), 607-627. Rouse, C., Brooks-Gunn, J., McLanahan, S. (eds.) (2005). School readiness: Closing racial and ethnic gaps: Introducing the issue. The future of children, 15(1), 5-13 Tyson, K., Darity, W. A., Castellino, D. (2005). Its not a black thing: Understanding the burden of acting white and other dilemmas of high achievement. American Sociological Review, 70(4), 582-605. Williams Shanks, T. R., Destin, M. (2009). Parental expectations and educational outcomes for young African American adults: Do household assets matter? Race and Social Problems, 1, 27-35. Young, A., Johnson, G., Hawthorne, M., Pugh, J. (2011). Cultural predictors of academic motivation and achievement: A self-deterministic approach. College Student Journal, 45(1), 151-63. Fryer, R. G., Torelli, P. (2010). An empirical analysis of acting white. Journal of Public Economics, 94(5-6), 380-396. Rouse, C., Brooks-Gunn, J., McLanahan, S. (eds.) (2005). School readiness: Closing racial and ethnic gaps: Introducing the issue. The future of children, 15(1), 5-13 Brooks-Gunn, J., Markman, L. B. (2005). The contribution of parenting to ethnic and racial gaps in school readiness. The Future of Children, 15, 139-168. Aronson, J., Steele, C. M. (2005). Stereotypes and the fragility of academic competence, motivation, and self-concept. In A. J. Elliott C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (392-413). New York London: Guilford Press. McLanahan, S. (2004). Diverging destinies: How children are faring under the second demographic transition. Demography, 41(4), 607-627. Tyson, K., Darity, W. A., Castellino, D. (2005). Its not a black thing: Understanding the burden of acting white and other dilemmas of high achievement. American Sociological Review, 70(4), 582-605. Grolnick, W. S., Friendly, R. W., Bellas, V. M. (2009). Parenting and childrens motivation at school. In K. R. Wentzel A. Wigfield (Eds.), Handbook of motivation at school, 279-300. New York London: Routledge Aronson, J., Steele, C. M. (2005). Stereotypes and the fragility of academic competence, motivation, and self-concept. In A. J. Elliott C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (392-413). New York London: Guilford Press. Young, A., Johnson, G., Hawthorne, M., Pugh, J. (2011). Cultural predictors of academic motivation and achievement: A self-deterministic approach. College Student Journal, 45(1), 151-63 Williams Shanks, T. R., Destin, M. (2009). Parental expectations and educational outcomes for young African American adults: Do household assets matter? Race and Social Problems, 1, 27-35. AyadiKafia and Bree Joel.( 2010).An ethnography of the transfer of food learning within the family, Young Consumers, Vol 11, No 1, 67-76

Product Innovation

Salient features of the product for innovation emphasized on the continuously changing market needs and trends in the market. The trends identified the need to implement an innovation strategy on Rexona which had been a leading bathing soap and household brand for many years.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Product Innovation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to the changing times, need, customer behavior, and substitute products, the first phase of innovation on Rexona commenced. Emphasis was on the kind of soap that addressed the problem of an oduor due to sweating, a problem associated with different physical and psychological effects. The parameters included According to the article Innovation Zen (2006), a radical innovation made the toilet soap unique and synonymous with household use. Unique characteristic features of the soap, a common toilet soap, included an attractive smell and ability to maintain that status for a number of hours in addition to other extras. According to Innovation Zen (2006), an innovative approach on the product included analyzing the chemical characteristics of the soap and technologies available to address those concerns. Chemical Researched Scientific research was conducted to bring to light the chemical processes involved when human beings sweated with an emphasis on the type of sweat involved and the chemical composition of the sweat. According to Innovation Zen (2006), human beings responded to two kinds of sweat, sweat due to stress or anxiety and sweat due to emotional stress. According to Innovation Zen (2006) Rexona, a popular soap and household name synonymous with bathing was innovated along the line of the different types if human sweat. Modular and radical approaches to innovation were used in undertaking the innovation on the deodorant article (Innovation 2010). The article Innovation (2010) asserts that research findings pointed to the arms and hands as the specific sources of the unpleasant smell. In addition to that Information and previous knowledge on the deodorant was collected and analyzed to identify various stages of product improvement in relation to research findings on the sweating of the body and the available technology to develop and innovate the deodorant. According to Innovation (2010), technology was readily available and an innovative approach to product development commenced. This included developing an anti-perspiring chemical formulated in the house hold soap. The micro-capsules formulated into the innovation acted by blocking instant and long term chemical perspiration reactions which could result in unpleasant odours. This could in the end make the user feel fresh for a long time.Advertising Looking for thesis on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Innovation (2010) â€Å"Our Rexona deodorant uses body-respon sive micro-capsule technology that kicks in when it’s needed most, giving people the confidence to face the day’s more stressful situations.† This innovative approach was supported by scientific formulations and relevant technology to address instant or long term perspirations. However the innovation has been incremental based on market needs and changing trends in addressing customer needs, tastes, preferences while remaining competitive in the market over the years. According to Innovation (2010) the innovative approach could impact well on the personal needs of individuals who use the deodorant in their homes. The Market Today According to Timeline (n.d) the soap was developed back in 1899 and has undergone successive innovation till today. Currently the deodorant has been innovated to address scents varying from silver ice to extreme scents as critical needs in the market toady. References Innovation. (2010). Intelligent Deodorant. Web. Innovation Zen.(2006). Henderson – Clark Model. Web. Timeline.(n.d). Web. This thesis on Product Innovation was written and submitted by user Nickolas Roth to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

ActivityBased Costing Essay Research Paper Brief Introduction free essay sample

Activity-Based Costing Essay, Research Paper Brief Introduction to ABC Activity-Based Costing ( ABC ) started as a methodological analysis that recognises the demand to understand how costs really relate to single merchandises and services ( Cooper A ; Kaplan, 1989 ) that subsequently resulted in a more refined system of apportioning operating expenses to merchandises and services, harmonizing to the demand of each activity. Homemade Pty Ltd # 8211 ; Food ( Dikolli A ; Smith, 1996:47-55 ) was a pilot undertaking where it took portion in an ABC feasibleness survey during the mid 90s. This company has been chosen for this survey because it has met some of the premier standards of ABC. The standards are diverse merchandise or service lines, high operating expense, big distribution costs, ( Downes, 1996:49 ) to call a few. Homemade manufactures 170 types of finished stock and is a market leader. It relied to a great extent on labor and incurring high operating expenses in treating nutrient in footings of machinery, sales representatives # 8217 ; wage and tenancy of mill floor. We will write a custom essay sample on ActivityBased Costing Essay Research Paper Brief Introduction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Three other companies are selected to detect ABC deductions in their systems to see if there is difference or similarity as compared to Homemade. These companies are NASA # 8217 ; s Lewis Research Centre ( LeRC ) # 8211 ; Government, Tampa Electric # 8211 ; Public Utility and Mobil # 8211 ; Oil A ; Gas ( see as attached at Appendix ) . They have fulfilled the undermentioned premier standards and have already gone through the stage of existent occurrences when they adopted ABC into their costing systems. 1. Product / Service Diversity A ; Customers Companies with more diverseness in merchandises, the harder it is for them to follow the beginning of profitableness, particularly when they are providing to assorted consumers. For illustration, LeRC conducts research and development in both aerospace and astronauticss, specializing in micro-gravity scientific discipline, aero-propulsion and infinite systems. Its internal clients include authorities bureaus, defense mechanism affiliates and the Congress itself. Without ABC, the beginnings and utilizations of financess are barely seeable, ( Walters et al. , 2000 ) because it is hard to mensurate its employees # 8217 ; clip spent on a given activity. Similarly, Mobil supplies more than 30,000 lubricators to retail clients and their costing system could non turn to cost to bring forth each merchandise separately. ( Kang, 2000 ) 2. High Overheads A ; Large Distribution / Marketing Costss Large companies normally incur high operating expenses than of direct costs because they spend more in distribution and selling costs. Indirect costs, such as publicity costs, mercantile establishment director # 8217 ; s rewards and depreciation of machinery are non accounted into the cost per unit of merchandise or service. For case, Mobil produces and supplies more than 30,000 lubricators, and operates lubricant affiliates in more than 60 states with 40 fabrication locations. Its broad coverage is to market its lubricators to the consumers. Therefore, it will be incurring high operating expenses. However, the cost per unit lubricator will non include the wages of salesmen selling it. Without ABC, these excess costs will non be accounted for and cost per unit will non be accurate. Similarly, Tampa Electric uses six bring forthing workss to provide to 550,000 clients: commercial, residential and industrial including the extent of urban and rural. The operating expense and distributi on costs incurred during the transit of electricity to these topographic points are non accounted in the cost per unit of electricity because in traditional costing, these costs are represented by resource drivers. After the execution of ABC, it is obvious to see that some of the determinations made in those companies have been changed. These alterations are made to better reflect merchandise costs, identify unneeded costs that cut down profitableness and uncluttering any excess work contributed from unstructured bing system. Common determination points can besides be categorised under several groups. 1. Cost Allocation A ; Pricing Non-value added costs are identified, hence been reduced. Gross saless are no longer to aim volume, but for the intent of profitableness. ABC allocated overhead costs harmonizing to their activity drivers alternatively of volume drivers. Specific activities that are lending to non-value added costs could be separated. For illustration, Tampa Electric discovered that proving of metres in house versus the field would salvage about $ 50,000 and replacing residential metres is well less expensive than mending them. For pricing intents, the monetary value per unit can be maintained the same while cut downing costs to bring forth significant net incomes. Mobil will be able to bring forth 1000s of merchandise and bundle combinations without increasing the costs that affect the profitableness degree. Homemade prepared cross-functional outgo analysis to observe any # 8216 ; hidden # 8217 ; points in the general leger and a five-stage determination procedure has been developed to specify act ivities harmonizing to their nature, either for activity-based direction ( the procedure dimension ) or activity-based costing ( the cost dimension ) intents. ( Dikolli A ; Smith, 1996:52 ) 2. Add / Drop Product / Service Lines Unprofitable merchandise lines can be dropped and new lines added. By taking these lines, it can extinguish really much of the cost subsidies such as electricity, natural stuffs and direct labor that have been incurred during the devising of merchandise or service. Mobil has closed multiple fabrication installations with exce US Secret Service capacity because ABC has identified the importance of profitableness instead than volume growing. â€Å"Profit focal point and concern simpleness are the subjects and the concern consequences are their touchable manifestations.† ( Tom Kang, 2000 ) Similarly, Homemade has eliminated one merchandise household from the merchandise scope after it is found out that there were alterations in surplus of 100 % for the two low-volume non-standard merchandises. ( Dikolli Smith, 1996:54 ) In order to ease the successful execution of ABC, there has been identified that certain cardinal # 8216 ; organizational # 8217 ; variables are indispensable for companies that took the ABC # 8217 ; s way. However, these variables can and hold increase the likeliness of successful execution ( Hilton, 2000:224 ) in all selected companies. 1. Top Management Support and Commitment The engagement of top direction in the ABC execution is important to do certain that all phases of transportation are completed. In Tampa Electric, the direction ensured that its people spent the clip needed to garner information, be available for interviews, train and larn how to utilize the ABC theoretical account, and pull off the consequences. In Mobil, the direction incorporate ABC into mundane concern decision-making procedures and guarantee its sustainability by driving ABC initiatives the top-down. The Management of LeRC recruited AMS ( American Management System ) to assist their squad use activity-based costing as a tool to implement the Internal Economy Concept. ( Walters et al. , 2000 ) 2. Organizational Culture A successful execution of ABC involves full engagement from employees concerned, including their shared beliefs, ends and values. ( Hilton, 2000:224 ) The employees are to be cohesive in doing the full transportation of bing system be completed. All runing countries of Tampa Electric were working together to accomplish the end # 8211 ; expected nest eggs mark by utilizing ABC. Mobil has besides successfully used this property to prolong ABC in its systems because its employees are determined to construct the best ABC theoretical account with the informations available from bing information system and efficaciously pass on the consequences. 3. Performance / Incentive Programme This variable will assist those employees who have or non able to accept the new alterations, therefore still pull off costs with the traditional manner. Most of the clip, wage is used as the alteration agent. In Tampa Electric, any service countries that have helped to place efficiency and best pattern will be awarded. By giving inducements, opposition to alter will be greatly reduced because employees have been compensated from any loss. In Mobil, ABC is tied to a public presentation measuring system ( Kang, 2000 ) where employees can acquire excess wage if they can integrate ABC into their work. 4. Education / Ongoing Training Employees are to be offered a continual chance to retrain and accommodate their accomplishments to the altering environment when ABC is implemented. By giving ongoing preparation to them, they will be more committed in back uping the execution of ABC into new concern units. As in Mobil, the employees are given guidelines to come on to latter phases of ABC, train users and portion their experience with other units. ( Kang, 2000 ) Similarly, participants in LeRC are educated of relationship matrices used to incorporate sections of the ABC theoretical account and that understanding the true costs is critical to last in an internal market economic system. ( Walters et al. , 2000 ) To reason, ABC mapped companies # 8217 ; disbursals from functional classs to procedures. ABC systems estimate the costs of resources used to execute activities for assorted end products. A company will necessitate ABC when its cost system exhibits job finding a merchandise # 8217 ; s net income border and with great alleviation when a physical stock list does non ensue in stock list accommodations. ( Eiler et al. , 1982:134 ) ABC can besides assist directors happen the topographic points in their organisations where betterment is likely to hold the greatest fiscal final payment. ( Cooper A ; Kaplan, 1991:132 ) However, the company must fulfill several premier standards before it is qualified to take up ABC as its costing system. Bibliography Mentions 1. Cooper, R. , Kaplan, R. S. , ( 1991 ) Net income Precedences from Activity-Based Costing, Harvard Business Review, May-June 1991: 130-135 2. Cooper, R. , ( 1989 ) You Need a New Cost System When # 8230 ; , Harvard Business Review, January-February, 1989: 77-82. 3. Dikolli, S. , Smith, M. , ( 1996 ) Implementing ABC: An Australian Feasibility Study, Australian Accounting Review, 6 ( 2 ) : 45-55 4. Downes, F. , ( 1996 ) Geting the Most Mileage from Your Cost System, Controller Magazine # 8211 ; June 1996: 46 5. Eiler, R. G. , Goletz, W. K. , Keegan, D. P. , ( 1992 ) Is Your Cost Accounting Up to Date, Harvard Business Review, July-August 1982: 133-139 6. Hilton, R. W. , ( 2000 ) Instructor # 8217 ; s Edition # 8211 ; Managerial Accounting, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill International Editions 7. Kang, T. , ABC Gathers Speed at Mobil, [ Online ] , Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bettermanagement.com, [ 2000, August 30 ] 8. Tampa Electric Generates Results with ABC/M, [ Online ] , Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bettermanagement.com, [ 2000, August 30 ] 9. Bruno walters, J. , Rattan, P. , Smith, S. , Webster, D. , ABC at NASA # 8217 ; s Lewis Research Center, [ Online ] , Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bettermanagement.com, [ 2000, August 30 ]

Treatment of Japanese Americans and Italian American in WWII essays

Treatment of Japanese Americans and Italian American in WWII essays Two centuries ago, the framers of the Constitution wrestled with the fundamental problem of government: how to balance the rights of individual citizens and minority groups against the need for order and defense of the society itself. One of the most obvious failures of this democratic system to proved equal rights for all of its citizens is evidence by the internment of Japanese-Americans and Italian Americans in detention camps during the period of WWII. Despite good intentions brought about by war fear, this imprisonment cannot be justified due to its impact on our American ideal of racial equality, the guarantee of civil rights to all citizens and the governments requirement to apply federal tax money only in beneficial ways. On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed executive order 9066, which forced all Japanese-American and many Italian-Americans, regardless of loyalty or citizenship, to evacuate the West Coast. No comparable order applied to Hawaii, one third of whose population was Japanese-American. The Roosevelt administration was pressured to remove persons of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast by farmers seeking to eliminate Japanese competition (National). Italian-Americans were forced to leave Pittsburgh after being branded a security risk. The fruitlessness of this method of selection is evidence even today. We have discovered that racial profiling has almost no effect on preventing crime or undesirable actions. Many of the detainees were forced to sell their property at an extremely low cost, or simply have it taken away. Italian immigrants had personal items such as radio, firearms, cameras, and flashlights seized (Rollins). Thousands of fishermen were forced to give up their boats. All of these are glaring examples of violation of civil rights of people who were predominately American citizens. How can a country that clams to be a democracy justify destroying...

Computer sciences and Information technology Article

Computer sciences and Information technology - Article Example 11, 1994). Large companies have so many systems in use within their organizations that range from employee time recording systems, accounting systems, claims systems, manufacturing systems, and sales planning systems just to name a few. If you lay on top of these systems an ERP system such as Oracle or SAP then you have to develop numerous interfaces so that the systems can pass information back and forth. The one point I do not agree with the author is with the statement about generic applications, â€Å"When companies buy a generic application, they buy a generic process as well. Both the cost savings and the interoperability benefits make the sacrifice of distinctiveness unavoidable† (Carr, p.44, 2003). Industry specific software is not a one size fits all. I have been involved with ERP implementations and the software out of the book has never given the company exactly what they need. Referring back to the Software’s Chronic Crisis article once again, the author wri tes â€Å"The biggest challenge is to find ways of cutting the ties that inherently bind programs to specific computers and to other programs†¦a common language that could be used to describe software parts, programs that reshape components to match any environment, and components that have lots of optional features a user can turn on or off† (Gibbs, p. 11, 1994). By creating software components that have optional features that can be turned on and off depending on the business’ processes, IT can then create customized systems to match the needs of the business better. My Response 1 I would disagree with the assertion that the comments made that software and hardware has become inexpensive, software and hardware are still expensive; however, I agree that most firms, small business have access to both hardware and software as are multinationals. I would also disagree that information technology does not provide economic advantage as was in the past; this is incorre ct since firms with efficient IT systems achieve efficiency in their operations, reducing operating costs and overheads and would thus have economic advantage on firms with inefficient IT systems or lack of IT systems. With respect to the comment above, I would agree with its author that Carr’s (44) assertion that purchasing of a generic application by a company means the purchase of a generic process, as well. Specific software for specific industries does not necessarily serve different firms in the industry the same way, entirely, and efficiently-it’s not a one size fit all. Over the count/shelf software, as several studies have shown, does not meet the exact needs of the company. Question 1 – Classmate Comment 3 I would say that, based on the article â€Å"IT Doesn’t Matter,† the author makes the point very clearly that IT, in fact, does matter quite a bit. He explains how good IT is now an absolutely crucial part of being competitive in busine ss (Carr 46). His point of course is that it has become so ubiquitous that just having good IT no longer automatically produces a business advantage over competitors. IT is now simply one of many â€Å"costs of doing business.† It has become a commodity like electricity, transportation or Internet connectivity. Much like Internet connectivity, it is difficult to imagine how a business could be successful these days without robust IT integrated

Was decolonisation beneficial for the development of the former Essay

Was decolonisation beneficial for the development of the former colonies - Essay Example Freedom came at a heavy price and it did not deliver economic prosperity or improved the socio-economic conditions of the former colonies. â€Å"If colonialism distorted economies, freedom did not always deliver prosperity... The rights of nations to sovereignty begged the question of defining a nation. Most successor states were ethnically diverse, bounded by arbitrary frontiers. ...New education and training institutions could not immediately cope with the aspirations of burgeoning population. Few ex-colonies responded as planned, to strategies of agricultural intensification and economic diversification.†(Kuper 2005, p.136) Decolonization was not all about attaining sovereignty as a nation; as it posed new and bigger challenges in order to survive in post-colonial era. Colonialism had lasted for centuries and the traditional models of government and social life had been transformed greatly. Everything was under the influence of the colonial empires and decolonization could not reverse this fact. Everything needed to evolve naturally and to adjust to the changing world scenario. Where decolonization brought waves of joy for the peoples who had fought for it, it also brought inadequate political, social and economical infrastructures that were formerly being looked after by the colonialists. Although the new governments tried to motivate their peoples to work for their national interests, yet inadequate financial and technical resources kept the progress at a slow level. The public offices were formerly kept by the colonialists and with their departure, the responsibility fell into the hands of nascent bureaucracy and political administration. Thus, coping with the issues and demands of an aspirant society became overwhelming. Nonetheless, few colonies were in a better position to evolve naturally out of decolonization into independent and sovereign states that had adequate infrastructure to shift from colonization to decolonization in a smooth and plan ned manner. The newly formed governments had to tackle numerous issues at the same time. While they had gained freedom with their national spirit; yet it became difficult for them to define the term ‘nation’. The power game involved leaders from diverse ethnic groups and inner conflicts always tended to destabilize their political structures. â€Å"The Caribbean, southeast Asia, and the Middle East join Africa as regions marked by places of despair and desperation, of those ecologies where shattered dreams are found in cracked foundations and high hopes cannot be seen behind the huge piles of garbage. In such places, the sounds of strife and disorder have frequently been heard. Civil war, overthrow of governments, and ethnic conflicts has been common eruptions in much of Africa and Southeast Asia since the time that the regions were politically reconfigured into nation states.† (Betts 2004, p.103) This is a widespread opinion of critics that have witnessed decade s of turmoil in former colonies. Failure to adjust to the new world order plunged them further into darkness. Their progress and development was impeded by the continual communal violence and insurgencies. Their national spirit could not unite them as a nation and in such cases decolonization was not at all beneficial for them. As a colony, at least they were enjoying some sort of peace, progress and economic development. Upon decolonization, their economic conditions worsened without any hope. The

Should the Government Intervent Tax Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Should the Government Intervent Tax - Essay Example Hence the government, in my view, should intervene through tax rates to keep the economy and society controlled. Government intervention through tax rates is of paramount importance when negative externalities are to be dealt with. The market consists of two types of goods, public and private. Private goods are associated to the concept of excludability, referring to the exclusion of people from the benefits of a product or service that do not pay for it. On the other hand, public good is non-excludable and benefits the entire population regardless of their non-payment. Free-riding issue arises in this situation leading to chaos and dissatisfaction toward those counterparts of the society who are not contributing enough to the society compared to the benefits they are receiving (for instance healthcare and security/defense facilities for tax-evaders or undocumented immigrants in some cases). Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP) has contributed to the knowledge by revealing that undocumented immigrants can be a major source of tax earnings if they are permitted legally to work in th e US and would end up increasing the tax contribution by about $2 billion per year (ITEP, 2015). Government must intervene by changing tax rates to control consumer demands. By increasing tax rates, the government may reduce the disposable income and hence reduce the consumer demand. Similarly, if it wants to increase consumer demand, generally or specifically for certain goods and services, subsidies can be provided and/or tax on that particular product/service can be reduced. Hence, tax rates on specific products, services or industries as well as taxes on individuals and specific population groups can both help governments to keep harmony in the economy. The government calls funds from the local economy by taxing general public and businesses. These funds are then